Appendix F: Color Names Used by Participants to Describe Detectable Warnings
The complete list of color descriptions used by participants is given below. These are summarized for each of the 13 detectable warnings seen on each of the four sidewalks. The number of responses (n) refers to total number of descriptions provided. Participants who did not see the detectable warning gave no response. If participants provided multiple responses (e.g., “It’s either yellow or orange or red.”), the first two descriptions were recorded. If participants provided hybrid responses (e.g., “It’s a blue-gray.”), both colors were recorded. Furthermore, similar color descriptions (e.g., beige and tan; gray and light gray) were combined into single categories.
White Detectable Warning (N=187 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=50) |
Asphalt (n=51) |
White Concrete (n=35) |
Brown Concrete (n=51) |
| White |
44 |
45 |
30 |
43 |
| Gray |
3 |
3 |
4 |
2 |
| Off-White, Cream |
1 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
| White w/ Black border |
1 |
2 |
0 |
2 |
| Yellow |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Light Gray Detectable Warning (N=222 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=48) |
Asphalt (n=59) |
White Concrete (n=59) |
Brown Concrete (n=56) |
| Gray |
35 |
41 |
41 |
34 |
| Blue |
11 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
| Green |
1 |
1 |
3 |
1 |
| White |
1 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
| Brown, Beige, Tan |
0 |
3 |
2 |
5 |
| Off-White, Cream |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
| Silver |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
White Concrete Detectable Warning (N=184 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=51) |
Asphalt (n=56) |
White Concrete (n=20) |
Brown Concrete (n=57) |
| White |
35 |
38 |
16 |
41 |
| Off-White, Cream |
10 |
5 |
0 |
4 |
| Gray |
4 |
6 |
2 |
4 |
| Beige, Tan |
2 |
2 |
1 |
4 |
| Yellow |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
| White w/ Black border |
0 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
| Green |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Light w/ Dark border |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| White w/ Yellow stripe |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| Light Silver |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Brown Concrete Detectable Warning (N=183 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=41) |
Asphalt (n=61) |
White Concrete (n=60) |
Brown Concrete (n=21) |
| Brown, Beige, Tan |
23 |
30 |
32 |
16 |
| Gray |
6 |
18 |
13 |
2 |
| Green |
7 |
7 |
2 |
0 |
| Black |
0 |
0 |
6 |
0 |
| Brick Red |
1 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
| Blue |
1 |
1 |
3 |
0 |
| Off-White, Cream |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Red |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| Orange |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| Unknown |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
Dark Gray Detectable Warning (N=217 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=51) |
Asphalt (n=45) |
White Concrete (n=63) |
Brown Concrete (n=58) |
| Gray |
32 |
30 |
28 |
32 |
| Black |
8 |
3 |
21 |
6 |
| Blue |
8 |
9 |
9 |
15 |
| Brown |
2 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
| Green |
0 |
1 |
2 |
1 |
| Unknown |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
| Yellow |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| Clear |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Federal Yellow Detectable Warning (N=209 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=51) |
Asphalt (n=46) |
White Concrete (n=56) |
Brown Concrete (n=56) |
| Yellow |
37 |
39 |
36 |
41 |
| Orange |
5 |
7 |
5 |
2 |
| White |
6 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
| Beige, Tan |
0 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
| Gray |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Red |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
| Off-White, Cream |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
| Black/White stripes |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Gold |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Green |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Blue |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Yellow w/ White stripe |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Blue/Yellow stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Pale Yellow Detectable Warning (N=208 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=54) |
Asphalt (n=55) |
White Concrete (n=45) |
Brown Concrete (n=54)
|
| Yellow |
35 |
39 |
36 |
35 |
| White |
7 |
6 |
2 |
7 |
| Beige, Tan |
3 |
3 |
3 |
6 |
| Gray |
3 |
4 |
0 |
3 |
| Off-White, Cream |
3 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
| Orange |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
| Blue |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Red |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Gray and White |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Unknown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Yellow w/ White stripe |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Bright Red Detectable Warning (N=210 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=46) |
Asphalt (n=56) |
White Concrete (n=56) |
Brown Concrete (n=52) |
| Red |
35 |
39 |
41 |
37 |
| Orange |
7 |
11 |
1 |
6 |
| Brown |
2 |
1 |
7 |
1 |
| Gray |
0 |
3 |
2 |
5 |
| Black |
1 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
| Rust |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
| Pink |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| Unknown stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Orange-Red Detectable Warning (N=208 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=44) |
Asphalt (n=54) |
White Concrete (n=57) |
Brown Concrete (n=53) |
| Red |
30 |
27 |
34 |
26 |
| Orange |
13 |
20 |
11 |
12 |
| Brown |
2 |
3 |
5 |
6 |
| Gray |
0 |
1 |
3 |
2 |
| Black |
0 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
| Brick red |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Rust |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
| Green |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Blue |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Maroon |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Yellow |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Black Detectable Warning (N=194 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=50) |
Asphalt (n=41) |
White Concrete (n=52) |
Brown Concrete (n=51) |
| Black |
41 |
36 |
41 |
44 |
| Gray |
3 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
| Blue |
1 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
| Brown |
0 |
0 |
3 |
1 |
| Green |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Black w/ White border |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| Unknown |
2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Silver |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Red |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| Gray/White stripes |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Yellow |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Black w/ Red domes |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
Black with White Border Detectable Warning (N=198 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=49) |
Asphalt (n=50) |
White Concrete (n=50) |
Brown Concrete (n=49) |
| Black w/ White border |
38 |
38 |
29 |
40 |
| Black |
0 |
0 |
13 |
1 |
| Dark w/ Light border |
3 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
| Hollow White rectangle |
1 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
| Unknown w/ White border |
1 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
| Gray |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
| Black-and-white unknown pattern |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
| White w/ Black horizontal bar in middle |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Black w/ Gray border |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Brown |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
| Dark Gray w/ White border |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Dark Gray w/ vertical stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Gray w/ White horizontal line |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Black w/ shiny bars |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Blue |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Unknown |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| White |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
Black / White Stripes Detectable Warning (N=198 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=48) |
Asphalt (n=51) |
White Concrete (n=50) |
Brown Concrete (n=49) |
| Black/White stripes |
43 |
35 |
40 |
40 |
| Dark/Light stripes |
3 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
| White stripes |
0 |
7 |
0 |
2 |
| Black stripes |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0 |
| White |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
| Black-and-white unknown pattern |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Gray stripes |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| Black/Yellow stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Blue/White stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Blue/Yellow stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Gray/Brown stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Black |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Brown/White stripes |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Black w/ White border |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| Green stripes |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
White with Black Border Detectable Warning (N=196 responses)
| Description |
Brick (n=48) |
Asphalt (n=50) |
White Concrete (n=48) |
Brown Concrete (n=50) |
| White w/ Black border |
34 |
25 |
39 |
40 |
| White |
6 |
19 |
0 |
5 |
| Black-and-white |
2 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
| Light w/ Dark border |
3 |
0 |
2 |
1 |
| Off-White w/ Black border |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Gray |
1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
| Off-White, Cream |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Gray w/ Black border |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Gray w/ dark Gray border |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| Hollow Black rectangle |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| White w/ Brown border |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| White w/ dark Gray border |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Brown/White stripes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Blue |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| Brown |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Off-White w/ Blue border |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
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